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}, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 174.0, 1552.0, 174.0, 1552.0, 204.0, 881.0, 204.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "model. They also found that the empirical distributions of passenger" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 880.0, 205.0, 1552.0, 205.0, 1552.0, 236.0, 880.0, 236.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "incidence times (by time of day) had peaks just before the respec-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 880.0, 234.0, 1553.0, 234.0, 1553.0, 264.0, 880.0, 264.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "tive average bus departure times. They hypothesized the existence" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 264.0, 1345.0, 264.0, 1345.0, 296.0, 881.0, 296.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "of three classes of passengers: with proportion" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1362.0, 264.0, 1552.0, 264.0, 1552.0, 296.0, 1362.0, 296.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "passengers whose" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 880.0, 295.0, 1552.0, 295.0, 1552.0, 325.0, 880.0, 325.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "time of incidence is causally coincident with that of a bus departure" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 880.0, 326.0, 1555.0, 326.0, 1555.0, 355.0, 880.0, 355.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "(e.g., because they saw the approaching bus from their home or a" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 356.0, 1195.0, 356.0, 1195.0, 388.0, 881.0, 388.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "shop window); with proportion" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1279.0, 356.0, 1553.0, 356.0, 1553.0, 388.0, 1279.0, 388.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": ", passengers who time their" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 882.0, 388.0, 1552.0, 388.0, 1552.0, 416.0, 882.0, 416.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "arrivals to minimize expected waiting time; and with proportion" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1021.0, 418.0, 1553.0, 418.0, 1553.0, 447.0, 1021.0, 447.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": ", passengers who are randomly incident. The authors" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 448.0, 989.0, 448.0, 989.0, 477.0, 881.0, 477.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "found that" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1008.0, 448.0, 1553.0, 448.0, 1553.0, 477.0, 1008.0, 477.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "was positively correlated with the potential reduction" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 880.0, 479.0, 1552.0, 479.0, 1552.0, 507.0, 880.0, 507.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "in waiting time (compared with arriving randomly) that resulted" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 882.0, 510.0, 1551.0, 510.0, 1551.0, 536.0, 882.0, 536.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "from knowledge of the timetable and of service reliability. They also" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 539.0, 943.0, 539.0, 943.0, 568.0, 881.0, 568.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "found" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 963.0, 539.0, 1553.0, 539.0, 1553.0, 568.0, 963.0, 568.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "to be higher in the peak commuting periods rather than in" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 568.0, 1554.0, 568.0, 1554.0, 599.0, 881.0, 599.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "the off-peak periods, indicating more awareness of the timetable or" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 599.0, 1323.0, 599.0, 1323.0, 627.0, 881.0, 627.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "historical reliability, or both, by commuters." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 905.0, 1452.0, 1551.0, 1452.0, 1551.0, 1483.0, 905.0, 1483.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Furth and Muller study the issue in a theoretical context and gener-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 883.0, 1485.0, 1553.0, 1485.0, 1553.0, 1514.0, 883.0, 1514.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "ally agree with the above findings (2). They are primarily concerned" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 882.0, 1513.0, 1553.0, 1513.0, 1553.0, 1545.0, 882.0, 1545.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "with the use of data from automatic vehicle-tracking systems to assess" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 880.0, 1545.0, 1553.0, 1545.0, 1553.0, 1574.0, 880.0, 1574.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "the impacts of reliability on passenger incidence behavior and wait-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 1577.0, 1551.0, 1577.0, 1551.0, 1606.0, 881.0, 1606.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "ing times. They propose that passengers will react to unreliability by" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 883.0, 1608.0, 1551.0, 1608.0, 1551.0, 1637.0, 883.0, 1637.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "departing earlier than they would with reliable services. Randomly" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 880.0, 1636.0, 1554.0, 1636.0, 1554.0, 1669.0, 880.0, 1669.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "incident unaware passengers will experience unreliability as a more" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 882.0, 1669.0, 1553.0, 1669.0, 1553.0, 1697.0, 882.0, 1697.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "dispersed distribution of headways and simply allocate additional" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 880.0, 1699.0, 1551.0, 1699.0, 1551.0, 1726.0, 880.0, 1726.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "time to their trip plan to improve the chance of arriving at their des-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 1730.0, 1551.0, 1730.0, 1551.0, 1759.0, 881.0, 1759.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "tination on time. Aware passengers, whose incidence is not entirely" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 880.0, 1760.0, 1552.0, 1760.0, 1552.0, 1789.0, 880.0, 1789.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "random, will react by timing their incidence somewhat earlier than" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 882.0, 1792.0, 1550.0, 1792.0, 1550.0, 1818.0, 882.0, 1818.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "the scheduled departure time to increase their chance of catching the" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 883.0, 1823.0, 1552.0, 1823.0, 1552.0, 1849.0, 883.0, 1849.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "desired service. The authors characterize these reactions as the costs" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 883.0, 1853.0, 1031.0, 1853.0, 1031.0, 1880.0, 883.0, 1880.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "of unreliability." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 907.0, 630.0, 1553.0, 630.0, 1553.0, 658.0, 907.0, 658.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Bowman and Turnquist built on the concept of aware and unaware" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 662.0, 1136.0, 662.0, 1136.0, 690.0, 881.0, 690.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "passengers of proportions" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1155.0, 662.0, 1196.0, 662.0, 1196.0, 690.0, 1155.0, 690.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1264.0, 662.0, 1553.0, 662.0, 1553.0, 690.0, 1264.0, 690.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": ",respectively. They proposed" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 692.0, 1208.0, 692.0, 1208.0, 719.0, 881.0, 719.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "a utility-based model to estimate" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1226.0, 692.0, 1552.0, 692.0, 1552.0, 719.0, 1226.0, 719.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "and the distribution of incidence" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 880.0, 721.0, 1554.0, 721.0, 1554.0, 751.0, 880.0, 751.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "times, and thus the mean waiting time, of aware passengers over" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 880.0, 752.0, 1553.0, 752.0, 1553.0, 780.0, 880.0, 780.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "a given headway as a function of the headway and reliability of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 880.0, 782.0, 1081.0, 782.0, 1081.0, 812.0, 880.0, 812.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "bus departure times" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1113.0, 782.0, 1552.0, 782.0, 1552.0, 812.0, 1113.0, 812.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": ". They observed seven bus stops in Chicago," }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 882.0, 813.0, 1553.0, 813.0, 1553.0, 841.0, 882.0, 841.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Illinois, each served by a single (different) bus route, between 6:00" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 882.0, 844.0, 923.0, 844.0, 923.0, 871.0, 882.0, 871.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1017.0, 844.0, 1550.0, 844.0, 1550.0, 871.0, 1017.0, 871.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": ".for 5 to 10 days each. The bus routes had headways" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 882.0, 874.0, 955.0, 874.0, 955.0, 902.0, 882.0, 902.0 ], "score": 0.95, "text": "of 5to" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1033.0, 874.0, 1553.0, 874.0, 1553.0, 902.0, 1033.0, 902.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "and a range of reliabilities. The authors found that" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 882.0, 906.0, 1553.0, 906.0, 1553.0, 933.0, 882.0, 933.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "actual average waiting time was substantially less than predicted" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 935.0, 1443.0, 935.0, 1443.0, 963.0, 881.0, 963.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "by the random incidence model. They estimated that" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1462.0, 935.0, 1553.0, 935.0, 1553.0, 963.0, 1462.0, 963.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "was not" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 966.0, 1552.0, 966.0, 1552.0, 994.0, 881.0, 994.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "statistically significantly different from 1.0, which they explain by" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 880.0, 994.0, 1552.0, 994.0, 1552.0, 1025.0, 880.0, 1025.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "the fact that all observations were taken during peak commuting" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 880.0, 1027.0, 1552.0, 1027.0, 1552.0, 1054.0, 880.0, 1054.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "times. Their model predicts that the longer the headway and the" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 1058.0, 1554.0, 1058.0, 1554.0, 1086.0, 881.0, 1086.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "more reliable the departures, the more peaked the distribution of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 1088.0, 1553.0, 1088.0, 1553.0, 1115.0, 881.0, 1115.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "incidence times will be and the closer that peak will be to the next" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 882.0, 1119.0, 1552.0, 1119.0, 1552.0, 1148.0, 882.0, 1148.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "scheduled departure time. This prediction demonstrates what they" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 882.0, 1149.0, 1552.0, 1149.0, 1552.0, 1176.0, 882.0, 1176.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "refer to as a safety margin that passengers add to reduce the chance" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 883.0, 1181.0, 1552.0, 1181.0, 1552.0, 1206.0, 883.0, 1206.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "of missing their bus when the service is known to be somewhat" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 882.0, 1210.0, 1551.0, 1210.0, 1551.0, 1238.0, 882.0, 1238.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "unreliable. Such a safety margin can also result from unreliability in" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 1242.0, 1553.0, 1242.0, 1553.0, 1269.0, 881.0, 1269.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "passengers' journeys to the public transport stop or station. Bowman" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 882.0, 1271.0, 1553.0, 1271.0, 1553.0, 1299.0, 882.0, 1299.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "and Turnquist conclude from their model that the random incidence" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 880.0, 1301.0, 1551.0, 1301.0, 1551.0, 1331.0, 880.0, 1331.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "model underestimates the waiting time benefits of improving reli-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 882.0, 1332.0, 1552.0, 1332.0, 1552.0, 1362.0, 882.0, 1362.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "ability and overestimates the waiting time benefits of increasing ser-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 883.0, 1363.0, 1552.0, 1363.0, 1552.0, 1392.0, 883.0, 1392.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "vice frequency. This is because as reliability increases passengers" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 882.0, 1394.0, 1552.0, 1394.0, 1552.0, 1422.0, 882.0, 1422.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "can better predict departure times and so can time their incidence to" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 882.0, 1423.0, 1159.0, 1423.0, 1159.0, 1452.0, 882.0, 1452.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "decrease their waiting time." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 175.0, 235.0, 819.0, 235.0, 819.0, 264.0, 175.0, 264.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "After briefly introducing the random incidence model, which is" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 149.0, 265.0, 818.0, 265.0, 818.0, 295.0, 149.0, 295.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "often assumed to hold at short headways, the balance of this section" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 298.0, 818.0, 298.0, 818.0, 324.0, 148.0, 324.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "reviews six studies of passenger incidence behavior that are moti-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 327.0, 818.0, 327.0, 818.0, 356.0, 148.0, 356.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "vated by understanding the relationships between service headway," }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 146.0, 355.0, 820.0, 355.0, 820.0, 388.0, 146.0, 388.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "service reliability, passenger incidence behavior, and passenger" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 149.0, 388.0, 818.0, 388.0, 818.0, 414.0, 149.0, 414.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "waiting time in a more nuanced fashion than is embedded in the" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 149.0, 419.0, 818.0, 419.0, 818.0, 445.0, 149.0, 445.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "random incidence assumption (2). Three of these studies depend on" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 147.0, 447.0, 818.0, 447.0, 818.0, 477.0, 147.0, 477.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "manually collected data, two studies use data from AFC systems," }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 479.0, 819.0, 479.0, 819.0, 507.0, 148.0, 507.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "and one study analyzes the issue purely theoretically. These studies" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 147.0, 509.0, 819.0, 509.0, 819.0, 537.0, 147.0, 537.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "reveal much about passenger incidence behavior, but all are found" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 147.0, 538.0, 820.0, 538.0, 820.0, 567.0, 147.0, 567.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "to be limited in their general applicability by the methods with" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 150.0, 569.0, 818.0, 569.0, 818.0, 597.0, 150.0, 597.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "which they collect information about passengers and the services" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 147.0, 599.0, 458.0, 599.0, 458.0, 630.0, 147.0, 630.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "those passengers intend to use." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 150.0, 1219.0, 212.0, 1219.0, 212.0, 1247.0, 150.0, 1247.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "where" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 264.0, 1219.0, 817.0, 1219.0, 817.0, 1247.0, 264.0, 1247.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "is the probabilistic expectation of some random variable" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 168.0, 1248.0, 209.0, 1248.0, 209.0, 1275.0, 168.0, 1275.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 283.0, 1248.0, 601.0, 1248.0, 601.0, 1275.0, 283.0, 1275.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "is the coefficient of variation of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 625.0, 1248.0, 818.0, 1248.0, 818.0, 1275.0, 625.0, 1275.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": ".a unitless measure" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 1277.0, 345.0, 1277.0, 345.0, 1307.0, 148.0, 1307.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "of the variability of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 370.0, 1277.0, 477.0, 1277.0, 477.0, 1307.0, 370.0, 1307.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "defined as" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 906.0, 1883.0, 1552.0, 1883.0, 1552.0, 1910.0, 906.0, 1910.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "Luethi et al. continued with the analysis of manually collected" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 880.0, 1909.0, 1552.0, 1909.0, 1552.0, 1945.0, 880.0, 1945.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "data on actual passenger behavior (6). They use the language" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 883.0, 1945.0, 1552.0, 1945.0, 1552.0, 1972.0, 883.0, 1972.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "of probability to describe two classes of passengers. The first is" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 1973.0, 1552.0, 1973.0, 1552.0, 2003.0, 881.0, 2003.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "timetable-dependent passengers (i.e., the aware passengers), whose" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 881.0, 2006.0, 1552.0, 2006.0, 1552.0, 2033.0, 881.0, 2033.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "incidence behavior is affected by awareness (possibly gained" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 149.0, 748.0, 817.0, 748.0, 817.0, 774.0, 149.0, 774.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "One characterization of passenger incidence behavior is that of ran-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 777.0, 818.0, 777.0, 818.0, 806.0, 148.0, 806.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "dom incidence (3). The key assumption underlying the random inci-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 807.0, 818.0, 807.0, 818.0, 836.0, 148.0, 836.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "dence model is that the process of passenger arrivals to the public" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 837.0, 819.0, 837.0, 819.0, 866.0, 148.0, 866.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "transport service is independent from the vehicle departure process" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 868.0, 818.0, 868.0, 818.0, 897.0, 148.0, 897.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "of the service. This implies that passengers become incident to the" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 149.0, 899.0, 817.0, 899.0, 817.0, 925.0, 149.0, 925.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "service at a random time, and thus the instantaneous rate of passen-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 928.0, 820.0, 928.0, 820.0, 957.0, 148.0, 957.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "ger arrivals to the service is uniform over a given period of time. Let" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 174.0, 956.0, 214.0, 956.0, 214.0, 990.0, 174.0, 990.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "and" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 239.0, 956.0, 818.0, 956.0, 818.0, 990.0, 239.0, 990.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "be random variables representing passenger waiting times" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 988.0, 818.0, 988.0, 818.0, 1016.0, 148.0, 1016.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "and service headways, respectively. Under the random incidence" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 149.0, 1019.0, 818.0, 1019.0, 818.0, 1048.0, 149.0, 1048.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "assumption and the assumption that vehicle capacity is not a binding" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 149.0, 1050.0, 726.0, 1050.0, 726.0, 1076.0, 149.0, 1076.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "constraint, a classic result of transportation science is that" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 146.0, 1793.0, 818.0, 1793.0, 818.0, 1822.0, 146.0, 1822.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": " Jolliffe and Hutchinson studied bus passenger incidence in South" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 147.0, 1825.0, 696.0, 1825.0, 696.0, 1852.0, 147.0, 1852.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "London suburbs (5). They observed 10 bus stops for" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 735.0, 1825.0, 817.0, 1825.0, 817.0, 1852.0, 735.0, 1852.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "perday" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 1855.0, 819.0, 1855.0, 819.0, 1881.0, 148.0, 1881.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "over 8 days, recording the times of passenger incidence and actual" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 1884.0, 819.0, 1884.0, 819.0, 1912.0, 148.0, 1912.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "and scheduled bus departures. They limited their stop selection to" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 146.0, 1913.0, 819.0, 1913.0, 819.0, 1945.0, 146.0, 1945.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "those served by only a single bus route with a single service pat-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 147.0, 1945.0, 819.0, 1945.0, 819.0, 1974.0, 147.0, 1974.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "tern so as to avoid ambiguity about which service a passenger was" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 147.0, 1972.0, 820.0, 1972.0, 820.0, 2006.0, 147.0, 2006.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "waiting for. The authors found that the actual average passenger" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 149.0, 2005.0, 323.0, 2005.0, 323.0, 2033.0, 149.0, 2033.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": "waitingtimewas" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 374.0, 2005.0, 819.0, 2005.0, 819.0, 2033.0, 374.0, 2033.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "less than predicted by the random incidence" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 686.0, 625.0, 686.0, 625.0, 721.0, 148.0, 721.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "Random Passenger Incidence Behavior" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 151.0, 1434.0, 213.0, 1434.0, 213.0, 1462.0, 151.0, 1462.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "where" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 246.0, 1434.0, 521.0, 1434.0, 521.0, 1462.0, 246.0, 1462.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "is the standard deviation of" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 580.0, 1434.0, 816.0, 1434.0, 816.0, 1462.0, 580.0, 1462.0 ], "score": 0.96, "text": ".The second expression" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 1466.0, 819.0, 1466.0, 819.0, 1493.0, 148.0, 1493.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "in Equation 1 is particularly useful because it expresses the mean" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 146.0, 1496.0, 819.0, 1496.0, 819.0, 1525.0, 146.0, 1525.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "passenger waiting time as the sum of two components: the waiting" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 1526.0, 818.0, 1526.0, 818.0, 1553.0, 148.0, 1553.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "time caused by the mean headway (i.e., the reciprocal of service fre-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 147.0, 1557.0, 819.0, 1557.0, 819.0, 1584.0, 147.0, 1584.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "quency) and the waiting time caused by the variability of the head-" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 1588.0, 818.0, 1588.0, 818.0, 1612.0, 148.0, 1612.0 ], "score": 0.97, "text": "ways (which is one measure of service reliability). When the service" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 1617.0, 817.0, 1617.0, 817.0, 1644.0, 148.0, 1644.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "is perfectly reliable with constant headways, the mean waiting time" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 1646.0, 472.0, 1646.0, 472.0, 1677.0, 148.0, 1677.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "will be simply half the headway." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 151.0, 176.0, 817.0, 176.0, 817.0, 204.0, 151.0, 204.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "dependent on the service headway and the reliability of the departure" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 147.0, 205.0, 652.0, 205.0, 652.0, 236.0, 147.0, 236.0 ], "score": 0.99, "text": "time of the service to which passengers are incident." }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 149.0, 1735.0, 702.0, 1735.0, 702.0, 1767.0, 149.0, 1767.0 ], "score": 0.98, "text": "More Behaviorally Realistic Incidence Models" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 1519.0, 98.0, 1554.0, 98.0, 1554.0, 125.0, 1519.0, 125.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "53" }, { "category_id": 15, "poly": [ 148.0, 98.0, 322.0, 98.0, 322.0, 123.0, 148.0, 123.0 ], "score": 1.0, "text": "Frumin and Zhao" } ], "page_info": { "page_no": 0, "height": 2200, "width": 1700 } } ]